What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. While SCC can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body if not treated, early detection and treatment can lead to a high cure rate.
Causes
The primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma is prolonged exposure to UV radiation. Other risk factors include fair skin, a history of sunburns, chronic skin infections, exposure to certain chemicals, and a weakened immune system.
Symptoms
Squamous cell carcinoma may present as:
- A firm, red nodule on the face, ears, neck, hands, or other sun-exposed areas of the body.
- A flat sore with a scaly crust.
- A new sore or raised area on an old scar or ulcer.
- A rough, scaly patch on your lip that may evolve to an open sore.
- A red sore or rough patch inside your mouth.
- A red, raised patch or wart-like sore on or in the anus or on your genitals.
Diagnosis
To diagnose squamous cell carcinoma, a dermatologist may perform a skin examination and a biopsy, where a small sample of the suspicious skin is removed and examined under a microscope.
Treatment
Treatment options for squamous cell carcinoma include:
- Surgical excision to remove the cancerous tissue.
- Mohs surgery, a precise surgical technique that removes the cancer layer by layer while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible.
- Cryotherapy, which uses extreme cold to destroy cancer cells.
- Topical treatments, such as creams or ointments for superficial SCC.
- Radiation therapy for cases where surgery isn't an option or for more advanced cases.