What is Transitional Cell Carcinoma?
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma, is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system, including the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. It originates in the transitional epithelium, which lines these organs. TCC is the most common type of bladder cancer and is associated with various risk factors, including smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.
Causes
The exact cause of transitional cell carcinoma is not known, but several risk factors have been identified, including smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals, chronic bladder inflammation, and a history of previous cancer treatments.
Symptoms
Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma may include:
- Blood in the urine (hematuria).
- Frequent urination.
- Painful urination (dysuria).
- Back or abdominal pain.
- Urinary urgency without being able to pass urine.
Diagnosis
To diagnose transitional cell carcinoma, a doctor may perform a physical examination, urine tests, imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRIs), and a cystoscopy, where a small camera is inserted into the bladder to look for abnormal areas. A biopsy may also be taken for further examination.
Treatment
Treatment options for transitional cell carcinoma include:
- Surgery to remove the cancerous tissue. In some cases, this may involve removing part or all of the bladder.
- Intravesical therapy, which involves delivering chemotherapy or immunotherapy directly into the bladder.
- Systemic chemotherapy for more advanced cases.
- Radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy to boost the body's immune system to fight the cancer.